Linganisha mbinu

	Uainishaji wa Picha	Uainishaji wa Picha Ulioboreshwa
Nyanja	Ujifunzaji wa Kina	Ujifunzaji wa Kina
Familia	Machine learning	Machine learning
Mwaka wa asili	2012 (deep CNN era); conceptual roots 1989 (LeCun)	2010–2014
Mwanzilishi	Krizhevsky, A.; Sutskever, I.; Hinton, G. E.	Yosinski, J. et al.; Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q.
Aina	Supervised classification task	Transfer learning / fine-tuning
Chanzo asilia	Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2012). ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 25, 1097–1105.	Yosinski, J., Clune, J., Bengio, Y., & Lipson, H. (2014). How transferable are features in deep neural networks? Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 27, 3320–3328.
Majina mbadala	visual classification, image recognition, CNN-based classification, visual categorization	fine-tuning for image recognition, transfer learning image classifier, pretrained CNN fine-tuning, domain-specific image classifier
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Image classification is the task of assigning a single semantic label to an entire image from a fixed set of categories. Modern approaches rely on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or Vision Transformers (ViTs) trained end-to-end on large labeled datasets such as ImageNet, achieving superhuman accuracy on many benchmarks and underpinning applications from medical imaging to autonomous vehicles.	Fine-tuned image classification adapts a large neural network pretrained on a broad image corpus (such as ImageNet) to a specific target domain by continuing training on labeled domain images. This approach achieves strong accuracy with far fewer target-domain samples than training from scratch, making it the dominant paradigm for applied computer vision tasks.