Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Mizizi-Mmoja ya Paneli ya Im-Pesaran-Shin (IPS)	Jaribio la CIPS
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	2003	2007
Mwanzilishi	Im, Pesaran & Shin	M. Hashem Pesaran
Aina	Panel unit-root test allowing cross-sectional heterogeneity	Panel unit-root test with cross-section dependence
Chanzo asilia	Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74.	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.
Majina mbadala	IPS Test, IPS Panel Unit-Root Test, Heterogeneous Panel Unit-Root Test, Im-Pesaran-Shin Birim Kök Testi	Pesaran CIPS Test, Cross-Sectionally Augmented IPS, Second-Generation Panel Unit-Root Test, CIPS Birim Kök Testi
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Im-Pesaran-Shin (IPS) test, introduced by Im, Pesaran, and Shin in 2003, is a panel unit-root test designed for heterogeneous panels where the autoregressive coefficient is allowed to differ across cross-sectional units. It averages individual Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) t-statistics and constructs a standardized statistic with a standard normal limiting distribution, making it one of the most widely applied first-generation panel unit-root tests in applied econometrics.	The CIPS test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed for panels in which the cross-sectional units share unobserved common factors that induce cross-section dependence. By augmenting each individual ADF regression with cross-sectional averages and their lags, the CIPS test accounts for this dependence and produces reliable inference where first-generation tests such as the original IPS test break down. It is widely applied in macroeconomic and finance panels where shocks propagate across countries or regions.