Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Upimaji wa Dhana	Utafiti wa Kiasi wa Ugunduzi
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Muundo wa Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Early 20th century (Fisher 1925; Neyman–Pearson 1933)	Mid-20th century (codified in social research methods texts c. 1950s–1970s)
Mwanzilishi	Karl Pearson, Ronald A. Fisher, Jerzy Neyman, Egon Pearson	Earl Babbie; John Creswell (systematic codification in social science methods)
Aina	Quantitative confirmatory research design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Chanzo asilia	Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030417603	Babbie, E. (2021). The Practice of Social Research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-0357360767
Majina mbadala	hypothetico-deductive research, confirmatory quantitative research, null hypothesis significance testing, NHST design	quantitative exploratory design, exploratory survey research, initial quantitative investigation, preliminary quantitative study
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Hypothesis testing research is a quantitative design in which the investigator derives one or more explicit, falsifiable propositions from theory, translates them into a null hypothesis (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (H1), collects empirical data, and then applies an inferential statistical test to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to reject H0. The approach is the dominant paradigm for confirmatory science across the social, behavioral, health, and natural sciences.	Exploratory quantitative research is a non-experimental design used when a phenomenon is insufficiently understood to support formal hypothesis testing. The researcher collects numerical data — typically through surveys, structured observation, or existing records — to describe distributions, detect patterns, and generate hypotheses that more targeted confirmatory studies can subsequently test. It occupies the first stage of a cumulative quantitative research programme.