Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Tamaduni Mbalimbali wa HRAF	Idadi ya Vielelezo Vilivyotambuliwa
Nyanja	Akiolojia	Akiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1967	1971
Mwanzilishi	George Murdock	R. E. Chaplin
Aina	Ethnographic comparison	Faunal quantification method
Chanzo asilia	Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
Majina mbadala	cross-cultural comparison, comparative ethnography	NISP method, specimen count
Zinazohusiana	2	4
Muhtasari	HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information coded for comparative analysis. HRAF provides a framework for systematic cross-cultural comparison, helping archaeologists interpret prehistoric patterns through ethnographic analogy.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.