Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la HKA	Jaribio la McDonald-Kreitman
Nyanja	Jenetiki	Jenetiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1987	1991
Mwanzilishi	Richard Hudson, Martin Kreitman & Montserrat Aguade	James McDonald & Martin Kreitman
Aina	Statistical test	Hypothesis test
Chanzo asilia	Hudson, R. R., Kreitman, M., & Aguadé, M. (1987). A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data. Genetics, 116(1), 153–159.	McDonald, J. H., & Kreitman, M. (1991). Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila. Nature, 351(6328), 652–654.
Majina mbadala	HKA test, Polymorphism divergence test	MK test, Positive selection test
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade (HKA) test is a statistical method that tests for neutral evolution by comparing levels of within-population polymorphism and between-population divergence at multiple loci. Developed by Hudson, Kreitman, and Aguade in 1987, this test uses the principle that neutral loci should show expected relationships between polymorphism and divergence. Loci deviating from these relationships are candidates for selection. The HKA test is particularly useful for detecting selection in genome-wide surveys because it uses relative comparisons across loci rather than requiring external calibration.	The McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test is a statistical method for detecting adaptive evolution by comparing ratios of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions within and between species. Developed by James McDonald and Martin Kreitman in 1991, this test exploits the key insight that neutral mutations accumulate at similar rates within and between species, while adaptive (nonsynonymous) substitutions should be enriched between species if they have been fixed by positive selection. The MK test has become a standard tool in molecular evolutionary biology for identifying genes under natural selection.