Linganisha mbinu

	Utafsiri wa Kibayes wa Kienyeji	Utoaji wa Kigezo
Nyanja	Mbinu za Bayes	Mbinu za Bayes
Familia	Bayesian methods	Bayesian methods
Mwaka wa asili	1972 (Lindley & Smith); consolidated 1995–2013	1999
Mwanzilishi	Lindley & Smith; Gelman et al.	Jordan, Ghahramani, Jaakkola & Saul
Aina	Bayesian multilevel model	Approximate Bayesian inference
Chanzo asilia	Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A. & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439840955	Jordan, M. I., Ghahramani, Z., Jaakkola, T. S., & Saul, L. K. (1999). An introduction to variational methods for graphical models. Machine Learning, 37(2), 183–233.
Majina mbadala	multilevel Bayesian modeling, Bayesian hierarchical model, nested Bayesian model, partial pooling model	VI, variational Bayes, VB, mean-field variational inference
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Hierarchical Bayesian inference is a probabilistic modeling framework that organises parameters into levels, placing priors on the group-level parameters and hyperpriors on the parameters governing those priors. It enables partial pooling of information across groups, balancing the extremes of treating each group as independent or merging them into a single estimate.	Variational inference (VI) is a family of techniques that turn Bayesian posterior computation into an optimisation problem. Instead of drawing samples from the exact posterior — as Markov chain Monte Carlo does — VI posits a simpler, tractable family of distributions and finds the member of that family closest to the true posterior by maximising the evidence lower bound (ELBO). Introduced in its modern graphical-model form by Jordan, Ghahramani, Jaakkola and Saul (1999) and given a comprehensive statistical treatment by Blei, Kucukelbir and McAuliffe (2017), VI is now the standard scalable inference engine in probabilistic machine learning.