Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Tabia za Kinga za Afya	Kiwango cha Hofu ya Maambukizi ya COVID-19
Nyanja	Afya ya Umma	Afya ya Umma
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2011	2020
Mwanzilishi	Bish & Michie	Ahorsu et al.
Aina	Self-report	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824.	Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development, initial validation, and reliability testing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1146–1159.
Majina mbadala	HPBS, Protective Behavior Scale	FCV-19S, Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Health Protective Behavior Scale (HPBS) assesses self-reported engagement in preventive behaviors during infectious disease outbreaks, including hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, isolation, and vaccination. Developed from literature review and behavioral theory by Bish and Michie, and refined through implementation research by Conner and colleagues, it measures adherence to public health guidance. The HPBS is widely used in pandemic surveillance research and behavioral intervention trials to track population adoption of protective measures.	The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a 7-item, self-report instrument assessing fear of COVID-19 infection across cognitive, emotional, and physiological domains. Developed by Ahorsu and colleagues in 2020, it measures threat perception, anxiety symptoms triggered by disease-related triggers, and avoidance behaviors. The FCV-19S has been translated into over 40 languages and validated across diverse populations, making it the most widely used pandemic-specific fear measure globally.