Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa Wasifu wa Maisha unaoendeleza Afya II	Kiwango cha Mfumo wa Imani za Afya
Nyanja	Tabia za Afya	Tabia za Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1987	1966
Mwanzilishi	Susan Noble Walker, Karen Sechrist, and Nola J. Pender	Marshall H. Rosenstock
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1987). The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: development and psychometric characteristics. Nursing Research, 36(2), 76-81.	Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44(3), 94-127.
Majina mbadala	HPLP-II, HPLP	HBM Scale, HBM-Q
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) is a 52-item self-report instrument developed by Walker, Sechrist, and Pender in 1987 to assess and measure health-promoting behaviors across multiple life domains. Based on Pender's Health Promotion Model, the HPLP-II evaluates six dimensions of positive health behavior: Health Responsibility, Physical Activity, Nutrition, Spiritual Growth, Interpersonal Relations, and Stress Management. Unlike disease-focused instruments, the HPLP-II captures a comprehensive picture of wellness-oriented lifestyle practices. It is widely used in nursing research, health promotion program evaluation, population health assessment, and clinical practice to identify health strengths and areas for behavior change counseling.	The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a foundational psychological framework developed by Marshall Rosenstock in 1966 to predict and explain preventive health behavior. Based on the central premise that people take health action to avoid illness when they perceive susceptibility to a health threat and believe that taking action will reduce that threat at an acceptable cost, the HBM measures four core constructs: Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Barriers. The model also incorporates 'Cues to Action' (external triggers) and 'Self-Efficacy' (added later). HBM is extensively used in research on disease prevention, health screening uptake, medication adherence, and vaccine acceptance.