Linganisha mbinu

	Gross Reproduction Rate	Uchanganuzi wa Jedwali la Maisha
Nyanja	Demografia	Demografia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Survival analysis
Mwaka wa asili	1928	1984
Mwanzilishi	Richard Böckh (concept) and Robert R. Kuczynski (popularization)	Demographic/actuarial tradition; Chiang
Aina	Single-sex summary fertility measure counting daughters per woman	Age-structured mortality estimator
Chanzo asilia	Preston, S. H., Heuveline, P., & Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781557864512	Chiang, C. L. (1984). The Life Table and Its Applications. Robert E. Krieger Publishing. ISBN: 978-0-89874-565-2
Majina mbadala	GRR, Gross reproductive rate, Daughters per woman (without mortality), Brüt Üreme Hızı	Mortality Table, Actuarial Table, Survival Table, Yaşam Tablosu
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	The gross reproduction rate is the average number of daughters a woman would bear over her lifetime if she experienced a given set of age-specific fertility rates and survived through all her childbearing years. It is a single-sex reproduction measure: by counting only daughters, it tracks how a generation of women replaces itself, ignoring the mortality that would thin the next generation. As such it sits between the total fertility rate, which counts all children, and the net reproduction rate, which discounts daughters for the chance of dying before they themselves reproduce.	A life table is a systematic, age-structured summary of the mortality experience of a population. It traces a hypothetical cohort of births — conventionally 100,000 — through successive age intervals, recording how many survive, how many die, and how many person-years are lived at each interval. The method was formalized in its modern probabilistic form by Chiang (1984), synthesizing centuries of actuarial and demographic practice into a rigorous statistical framework applicable to human and biological populations alike.