Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Afya kwa Ujumla-12 (GHQ-12)	Kiwango cha Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Jamii cha Huzuni (CES-D)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1992	1977
Mwanzilishi	David P. Goldberg	Lenore Sawyer Radloff
Aina	Psychiatric symptom screening	Community-based depression assessment
Chanzo asilia	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Majina mbadala	GHQ-12, GHQ	CES-D, CESD
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.