Linganisha mbinu

	Geometric Morphometrics	Idadi ya Vielelezo Vilivyotambuliwa
Nyanja	Akiolojia	Akiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	1971
Mwanzilishi	Fred Bookstein	R. E. Chaplin
Aina	Shape and form analysis	Faunal quantification method
Chanzo asilia	Bookstein, F. L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
Majina mbadala	shape analysis, morphometric analysis	NISP method, specimen count
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Geometric morphometrics is a quantitative analytical method that captures, analyzes, and compares the shapes of biological structures (bones, teeth, pottery) using coordinate data from landmarks and outlines. Developed by Fred Bookstein in the 1990s, GMM provides a rigorous statistical framework for studying shape variation across populations or time periods. The method allows archaeologists to quantify morphological differences between individuals, populations, or artifact classes with precision impossible using traditional linear measurements.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.