Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kijografia wa Kukatizwa kwa Regresi	Athari za Kiingiliano za Athari
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	2010	2009
Mwanzilishi	Melissa Dell and colleagues	Jushan Bai
Aina	Spatial quasi-experiment	Panel with latent structure
Chanzo asilia	Dell, M. (2018). The persistent effects of Peru's mining mita. Econometrica, 78(6), 1863-1911.	Bai, J. (2009). Panel data models with interactive fixed effects. Econometric Reviews, 28(4), 289-312.
Majina mbadala	Spatial RD, Geographic RDD	Factor models with individual heterogeneity
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) is a quasi-experimental design that exploits sharp geographic boundaries—borders, policy boundaries, or natural features—to estimate causal effects. Introduced by Dell (2010) and others, it compares outcomes on either side of a boundary where treatment changes abruptly, leveraging the idea that units on opposite sides of a border are otherwise similar. This approach yields credible causal estimates for spatially localized policies, institutional changes, and natural phenomena.	Interactive Fixed Effects (IFE) extends standard fixed-effects panel models by allowing unit-specific intercepts to vary not just at the individual level but also with unobserved common time-varying factors. Introduced by Bai (2009), it models heterogeneity as the interaction of individual characteristics and common shocks, ideal for studying cross-sectional variation in how units respond to macro conditions. This framework dominates when common factors drive substantial heterogeneity.