Linganisha mbinu

	Mifumo Mikuu ya Mzunguko	HEC-RAS	Mfumo wa SWAT
Nyanja	Jiofizikia	Jiofizikia	Jiofizikia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1975	1995	1998
Mwanzilishi	Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald	US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center	Jeff Arnold and others at USDA-ARS
Aina	Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation	1D/2D river hydraulics and flood inundation modeling	Process-based watershed and water quality simulation
Chanzo asilia	Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15.	Brunner, G. W. (2010). HEC-RAS river analysis system hydraulic reference manual. US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center.	Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., & Williams, J. R. (1998). Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1), 73-89.
Majina mbadala	GCM, Global Climate Model	HEC-RAS	SWAT
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings.	HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System) is a hydraulic modeling software developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers that computes water surface elevation and velocity in open channels and floodplains, and depicts inundation extent and depth. Since its introduction in 1995, HEC-RAS has become the de facto standard for floodplain delineation, dam break analysis, and flood risk assessment for regulatory and engineering purposes.	The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a process-based watershed model that simulates the hydrological cycle, sediment transport, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, and land management impacts across a watershed or large basin. Developed by Jeff Arnold and colleagues at USDA-ARS in 1998, SWAT has become a standard tool for evaluating non-point source pollution, assessing climate change impacts on water resources, and designing best management practices.