Linganisha mbinu

	Gender Attitude Survey	Modern Sexism Scale
Nyanja	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1981	1995
Mwanzilishi	Cross-national survey programmes (World Values Survey, ISSP, GSS)	Janet K. Swim, Kathryn J. Aikin, Wayne S. Hall, and Barbara A. Hunter
Aina	Population attitude survey	Self-report attitude scale
Chanzo asilia	Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN: 9780521529501	Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199–214.
Majina mbadala	Gender Attitudes Survey, Gender-Role Attitudes Survey, Gender Equality Attitudes Module	MSS, Swim Modern Sexism Scale, Neosexism
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Gender attitude surveys are population-based instruments that measure how a society views the roles, rights, and relations of women and men. Unlike clinical or laboratory scales, they are fielded to probability samples and embedded in large programmes such as the World Values Survey, the International Social Survey Programme, and the General Social Survey, using standardized items so that gender ideology can be estimated for whole populations and compared across countries and over decades.	The Modern Sexism Scale, developed by Janet Swim and colleagues in 1995, distinguishes between old-fashioned (blatant) sexism and modern (subtle) sexism, paralleling work on old-fashioned versus modern racism. The accompanying Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale captures openly endorsed beliefs in women's inferiority and prescribed traditional roles, while the Modern Sexism Scale captures covert sexism expressed through denial of continuing discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands, and resentment of policies perceived as special favours.