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| Uchanganuzi wa Marudio× | Takwimu Elekezi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Takwimu | Takwimu |
| Familia | Hypothesis test | Hypothesis test |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 19th century | 1977 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Classical statistics (no single inventor) | John W. Tukey |
| Aina≠ | Descriptive summary | Summary procedure |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE. ISBN: 978-1446249185 | Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165 |
| Majina mbadala≠ | frequency distribution, frequency table, tally analysis, count analysis | summary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 3 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Frequency analysis is a fundamental descriptive technique that tallies how often each distinct value or category appears in a dataset. It produces absolute counts, relative percentages, and cumulative frequencies, giving an immediate picture of how observations are distributed across categories. It is the natural first step when exploring categorical or discrete variables before applying inferential tests. | Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure. |
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