Linganisha mbinu

	Kuboresha na Kuthibitisha Kielelezo cha Vipengele vya Mwisho	Njia ya Kuaminika ya Daraja la Pili (SORM)
Nyanja	Uhandisi wa Utegemewa	Uhandisi wa Utegemewa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2001	1979
Mwanzilishi	John Mottershead and Michael Friswell	Bernd Fiessler
Aina	System identification methodology	Reliability analysis method
Chanzo asilia	Mottershead, J. E., Link, M., & Friswell, M. I. (2011). The sensitivity method in finite element model updating: A tutorial. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 25(7), 2275-2296.	Fiessler, B., Neumann, H. J., & Rackwitz, R. (1979). Quadratic limit states in structural reliability. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 105(4), 661-676.
Majina mbadala	Model updating, Model calibration, FEM updating	SORM, Second-order approximation
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Finite Element Model (FEM) Updating is the process of refining a numerical structural model to match measured behavior (modal properties, vibrations, static displacements) from the physical structure. By comparing computational predictions to experimental data and systematically adjusting uncertain model parameters (material properties, boundary conditions, joint stiffness), engineers create more accurate models for design decisions, damage detection, and life prediction. Formalized by Mottershead and Friswell, FEM updating bridges the gap between idealized computer models and real-world structures.	The Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) is an extension of FORM that improves failure probability estimates by accounting for the curvature of the limit-state surface at the design point. Introduced by Fiessler, Neumann, and Rackwitz in 1979, SORM provides more accurate approximations for nonlinear failure surfaces while remaining computationally efficient. It has become the standard refinement when FORM accuracy is insufficient.