Linganisha mbinu

	LSTM Iliyorekebishwa	Uainishaji unaotumia BERT
Nyanja	Ujifunzaji wa Kina	Ujifunzaji wa Kina
Familia	Machine learning	Machine learning
Mwaka wa asili	2018 (fine-tuning paradigm formalised); LSTM core: 1997	2019
Mwanzilishi	Howard, J. & Ruder, S. (ULMFiT); foundational LSTM by Hochreiter & Schmidhuber	Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (Google AI Language)
Aina	Supervised sequential model with transfer learning	Pre-trained language model with fine-tuning
Chanzo asilia	Howard, J., & Ruder, S. (2018). Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 328–339.	Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2019 (pp. 4171–4186). Association for Computational Linguistics.
Majina mbadala	Fine-Tuned LSTM, LSTM Fine-Tuning, Pre-trained LSTM with Task Adaptation, LSTM Transfer Learning	BERT classifier, BERT fine-tuning for classification, BERT text classification, BERT-CLS
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Fine-Tuned LSTM adapts a Long Short-Term Memory network pre-trained on a large corpus to a specific downstream task — such as text classification, sentiment analysis, or sequence labeling — by continuing training on task-specific labeled data. Popularised by the ULMFiT framework, this approach achieves strong performance even when labeled data is scarce.	BERT-based Classification fine-tunes Google's Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers model on a labelled text dataset, replacing the generic pre-trained head with a task-specific classification layer. It exploits deep bidirectional context from hundreds of millions of pre-trained parameters to deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on short- and medium-length text classification tasks with relatively modest amounts of labelled data.