Linganisha mbinu

	Uwasilishaji wa Takwimu na Meza: Viwango vya Uonyeshaji Data	Viambatanishi vya Taarifa za Takwimu: Taarifa za Uwazi za Uchanganuzi
Nyanja	Uandishi wa Kitaaluma	Uandishi wa Kitaaluma
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1983	2005
Mwanzilishi	Tufte (visual communication theory), ICMJE standards, APA style guide	Statistical and methodological literature; emphasized by Cumming (2013), ICMJE, and replication crisis discussions
Aina	Guideline	Guideline
Chanzo asilia	American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1	Cumming, G. (2013). The new statistics: Why and how. Psychological Science, 25(1), 7–29.
Majina mbadala	data visualization, table design, figure captions	reporting statistics, statistical transparency, effect size reporting
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Tables and figures are the primary means of presenting research data in scientific manuscripts. A well-designed table or figure enables readers to grasp complex data patterns instantly; a poorly designed one obscures findings or misleads. The ICMJE Recommendations and APA Publication Manual establish standards for table and figure formatting, captions, legends, and referencing. Tables are best used for precise numerical values and comparisons across rows and columns; figures (graphs, plots, images) are better for illustrating trends, relationships, or distributions. Both must be self-contained (understandable without consulting the text) and referenced clearly in the manuscript.	Transparent reporting of statistical results—including effect sizes, confidence intervals, p-values, and assumptions—is essential for scientific integrity and reproducibility. Many published studies report p-values in isolation without effect sizes or confidence intervals, making it impossible for readers to assess the magnitude of findings. Statistical reporting standards, emphasized by Cumming (2013), the American Statistical Association, and the ICMJE, require effect sizes, confidence intervals, and discussion of uncertainty. This enables readers to judge whether findings are practically significant (not just statistically significant) and to compare effect sizes across studies in meta-analyses. Poor statistical reporting wastes research and prevents proper synthesis of evidence.