Linganisha mbinu

	Maelezo ya Shambani	Mahojiano yaliyopangwa
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1940s–1950s
Mwanzilishi	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century
Aina	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique
Chanzo asilia	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.
Majina mbadala	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.