Linganisha mbinu

	Maelezo ya Shambani	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.