Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kesi Nyingi Uliofanywa Uga	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1984 (Yin's foundational text); 2006 (Stake's multiple-case elaboration)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	comparative case study, multi-site case study, cross-case study, multiple-case design	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	A field-based multiple case study is a qualitative research design in which the researcher conducts sustained, in-person investigation at two or more bounded real-world sites (the cases), gathering data through direct observation, interviews, and document analysis. By systematically comparing what is found across cases, the researcher can identify both shared patterns and meaningful differences, producing analytic conclusions that are more robust and transferable than a single-site study allows.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.