Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kiethnografia unaojikita shambani	Ethnografiya ya kidijitali	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Early 20th century (Malinowski 1922; Geertz 1973)	Late 1990s – 2000s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Bronislaw Malinowski; Clifford Geertz (interpretive tradition)	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465097197	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	fieldwork ethnography, immersive ethnography, ethnographic fieldwork, site-based ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	6	5
Muhtasari	Field-based ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or community over an extended period, observing and participating in everyday life to understand cultural practices, meanings, and social dynamics from an insider perspective. It is the classical form of ethnography, grounded in sustained physical presence at a research site, and distinguished from archival, virtual, or document-only approaches by its central reliance on direct, embodied fieldwork.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.