Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kidijitali wa Kienografia wa Sehemu Husika	Utafiti wa Kina wa Kijamii
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s
Mwanzilishi	Christine Hine; Sarah Pink et al.	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design
Chanzo asilia	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761958956	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.
Majina mbadala	connective ethnography, blended digital ethnography, hybrid online-offline ethnography, field-integrated digital ethnography	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Field-based digital ethnography is a qualitative research design that combines traditional in-person fieldwork with systematic collection and analysis of digital data. Rather than studying online communities in isolation, it traces how social life moves between physical settings and digital spaces, treating both as equally real sites of cultural practice. Rooted in Christine Hine's virtual ethnography and Sarah Pink's digital ethnography principles, it is particularly suited to studying communities whose practices span offline and online worlds.	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.