Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kidijitali wa Kienografia wa Sehemu Husika	Ethnografiya ya kidijitali
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s	Late 1990s – 2000s
Mwanzilishi	Christine Hine; Sarah Pink et al.	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
Chanzo asilia	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761958956	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228
Majina mbadala	connective ethnography, blended digital ethnography, hybrid online-offline ethnography, field-integrated digital ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	Field-based digital ethnography is a qualitative research design that combines traditional in-person fieldwork with systematic collection and analysis of digital data. Rather than studying online communities in isolation, it traces how social life moves between physical settings and digital spaces, treating both as equally real sites of cultural practice. Rooted in Christine Hine's virtual ethnography and Sarah Pink's digital ethnography principles, it is particularly suited to studying communities whose practices span offline and online worlds.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.