Linganisha mbinu

	Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I)	Kipimo cha Tathmini ya Hatari ya Majeraha ya Shinikizo cha Waterlow
Nyanja	Uuguzi	Uuguzi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2005	1985
Mwanzilishi	Lucy Yardley	Judy Waterlow
Aina	Patient self-report questionnaire	Clinician-rated risk assessment tool
Chanzo asilia	Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Eklund, K., et al. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age Ageing, 34(6), 614-619.	Waterlow, J. (1985). A risk assessment tool for pressure sores. Nursing Times, 81(48), 49-55.
Majina mbadala	FES-I, International Falls Efficacy Scale, Falls Self-Efficacy	Waterlow Scale, Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Waterlow Score
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), developed by Lucy Yardley and colleagues in 2005, is a validated tool measuring fear of falling and confidence in balance in older adults and others at risk of falls. The 16-item scale assesses how confident a person feels performing daily activities without falling (self-efficacy for fall avoidance). Fear of falling is not anxiety disorder but a rational concern that, if excessive, can lead to activity restriction, deconditioning, and further fall risk. The FES-I is used internationally in clinical practice and research to identify patients at risk for this vicious cycle and guide fall prevention interventions.	The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condition, weight/body mass index, appetite, and incontinence status, generating a numerical risk score that guides preventive care intensity. It is standard in hospital, long-term care, and community nursing settings across the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.