Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Fagerström cha Utegemezi wa Nikotini	Kipimo cha Afya ya Mgonjwa-2
Nyanja	Huduma za Afya	Huduma za Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	2003
Mwanzilishi	Karl O. Fagerstrom	Kurt Kroenke, Robert L. Spitzer, and Janet B. Williams
Aina	Six-item nicotine dependence screening	Two-item depression screening instrument
Chanzo asilia	Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119-1127.	Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41(11), 1284-1292.
Majina mbadala	FTND, Fagerstrom Test	PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is a brief, validated self-report instrument originally developed by Fagerstrom in 1978 and revised by Heatherton and colleagues in 1991 to quantify the severity of nicotine dependence in cigarette smokers. The FTND comprises six items assessing morning cigarette use, daily cigarette consumption, and the subjective difficulty of abstaining from smoking. It is the most widely used measure of nicotine dependence in smoking cessation research and clinical practice.	The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) is an ultra-brief, validated two-item screening instrument developed by Kroenke and colleagues in 2003 to identify major depression in primary care and medical populations. The PHQ-2 assesses the two cardinal symptoms of depression (depressed mood and anhedonia) over the past two weeks using a 0-3 frequency scale. It is the shortest validated depression screening tool enabling routine use in time-constrained clinical settings.