Linganisha mbinu

	Factor Analysis	Vipimo vya Takwimu Visivyo vya Parametrik
Nyanja	Takwimu za Utafiti	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1931	1947
Mwanzilishi	Louis Leon Thurstone	Henry Mann and Donald Whitney
Aina	Method	Method
Chanzo asilia	Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple Factor Analysis. University of Chicago Press.	Mann, H. B., & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50–60.
Majina mbadala	EFA, CFA, latent variable modeling	rank-based tests, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, distribution-free
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	Factor analysis is a statistical technique for identifying latent (unobserved) dimensions underlying observed variables, developed by Louis Leon Thurstone in the 1930s and formalized by Jöreskog (1969). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) discovers unknown factor structure from data; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests hypothesized relationships between observed and latent variables. Essential in psychometrics (test development), organizational research (measuring constructs like leadership style), and biomedicine (identifying disease subtypes), factor analysis reduces dimensionality while revealing conceptual organization in multivariate data.	Nonparametric (distribution-free) tests are statistical methods for hypothesis testing that do not assume data follow a specific probability distribution (e.g., normal), making them robust to departures from normality, outliers, and ordinal data. The Mann-Whitney U test (1947) and Kruskal-Wallis test (1952) extend hypothesis testing beyond the constraints of parametric assumptions. Essential in biology, medicine, psychology, and any field where data are non-normal, highly skewed, or measured on ordinal scales (rankings, ratings), nonparametric tests provide valid inference when parametric assumptions fail.