Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kikundi cha Lengo cha Ana kwa Ana× | Utafiti× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Metodolojia ya Dodoso | Metodolojia ya Dodoso |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1940s (Merton & Lazarsfeld); systematised 1980s–1990s | Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Robert K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld (focused interview); Richard Krueger and David Morgan (applied focus group methodology) | Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s |
| Aina≠ | Qualitative group data-collection technique | Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1483365244 | Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149 |
| Majina mbadala | in-person focus group, FGD, co-located focus group, face-to-face FGD | questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A face-to-face focus group is a structured, moderated group discussion conducted in a shared physical space, typically with 6–10 participants who are selected because they share a relevant characteristic. The moderator follows a semi-structured topic guide to elicit opinions, perceptions, and experiences. Unlike surveys, focus groups capture social interaction — agreement, disagreement, and the group dynamics through which attitudes are formed and expressed. | A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost. |
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