Linganisha mbinu

	Kikundi cha Lengo cha Ana kwa Ana	Mahojiano ya Ana kwa Ana Yenye Muundo Nusu
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1940s (Merton & Lazarsfeld); systematised 1980s–1990s	1940s onward; widely codified in the 1980s–1990s
Mwanzilishi	Robert K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld (focused interview); Richard Krueger and David Morgan (applied focus group methodology)	Rooted in sociological interview traditions; systematised by researchers including Robert Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld (focused interview, 1940s) and later elaborated by Steinar Kvale
Aina	Qualitative group data-collection technique	Qualitative data collection technique
Chanzo asilia	Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780198722519
Majina mbadala	in-person focus group, FGD, co-located focus group, face-to-face FGD	in-person semi-structured interview, semi-structured personal interview, guided face-to-face interview, FFSSI
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	A face-to-face focus group is a structured, moderated group discussion conducted in a shared physical space, typically with 6–10 participants who are selected because they share a relevant characteristic. The moderator follows a semi-structured topic guide to elicit opinions, perceptions, and experiences. Unlike surveys, focus groups capture social interaction — agreement, disagreement, and the group dynamics through which attitudes are formed and expressed.	A face-to-face semi-structured interview is a qualitative data collection technique in which a researcher meets a participant in person and follows a prepared topic guide of open-ended questions while retaining the flexibility to probe, reorder, and explore emerging themes. It combines the consistency of a predetermined agenda with the depth and responsiveness of an open dialogue, making it one of the most widely used methods in qualitative and mixed-methods research across the social, health, and educational sciences.