Linganisha mbinu

	Vidokezo vya Uga vya Ana kwa Ana	Uchunguzi usioshiriki
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Early 20th century (Malinowski ~1915–1922); codified by Emerson et al. 1995	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
Mwanzilishi	Bronislaw Malinowski (systematic ethnographic fieldwork); Robert Emerson, Rachel Fretz & Linda Shaw (contemporary methodology)	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
Chanzo asilia	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
Majina mbadala	in-person field notes, observational field notes, ethnographic field notes, fieldwork notes	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Face-to-face field notes are a foundational qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher is physically present in the setting and records observations, interactions, events, and contextual details in written form. As the canonical mode of ethnographic and observational research, in-person field notes capture the social texture, nonverbal cues, spatial arrangements, and moment-to-moment dynamics of real-world settings that remote or mediated data collection cannot fully replicate.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.