Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Kiasi wa Ugunduzi× | Utafiti wa Uhakiki× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Muundo wa Utafiti | Muundo wa Utafiti |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Mid-20th century (codified in social research methods texts c. 1950s–1970s) | 1934 (Popper); widely adopted in social sciences from 1960s onward |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Earl Babbie; John Creswell (systematic codification in social science methods) | Karl Popper (falsificationism); formalized in behavioral sciences by Paul Meehl and others |
| Aina≠ | Non-experimental quantitative research design | Quantitative research design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Babbie, E. (2021). The Practice of Social Research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-0357360767 | Popper, K. R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson. ISBN: 978-0415278447 |
| Majina mbadala | quantitative exploratory design, exploratory survey research, initial quantitative investigation, preliminary quantitative study | hypothesis-testing research, deductive research, theory-testing research, confirmatory study |
| Zinazohusiana | 4 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Exploratory quantitative research is a non-experimental design used when a phenomenon is insufficiently understood to support formal hypothesis testing. The researcher collects numerical data — typically through surveys, structured observation, or existing records — to describe distributions, detect patterns, and generate hypotheses that more targeted confirmatory studies can subsequently test. It occupies the first stage of a cumulative quantitative research programme. | Confirmatory research is a deductive quantitative design in which the researcher specifies hypotheses derived from existing theory before data collection, then tests whether the data support or refute those hypotheses. Unlike exploratory approaches that generate ideas from data, confirmatory research begins with an established theoretical framework, pre-registers predictions, and applies statistical tests to evaluate those predictions against empirical evidence. It is the backbone of hypothesis-driven social, behavioral, and health science inquiry. |
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