Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Vipengele vya Uchunguzi (EFA)	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)	Uundaji wa Milongozo ya Kimuundo (SEM)
Nyanja	Takwimu	Saikometriki	Takwimu
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	—	1969	1970
Mwanzilishi	—	Karl Gustav Jöreskog	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)
Aina	Latent variable / dimension reduction	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model	Latent variable / causal modeling
Chanzo asilia	Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540
Majina mbadala	common factor analysis, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, factor analysis	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling
Zinazohusiana	4	4	5
Muhtasari	Exploratory factor analysis reduces a large set of observed variables into a smaller number of latent common factors. It is widely used in scale development and psychometrics to uncover the dimensional structure that underlies a set of correlated items, without specifying that structure in advance.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.