Linganisha mbinu

	Ex-Ante Policy Appraisal	Uchambuzi wa Uhalisia
Nyanja	Public Policy	Usanisi wa Ushahidi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2022	2005
Mwanzilishi	Public-finance appraisal tradition; codified by HM Treasury (Green Book)	Ray Pawson (2005)
Aina	Structured ex-ante appraisal of policy options	Framework
Chanzo asilia	HM Treasury (2022). The Green Book: Central Government Guidance on Appraisal and Evaluation. London: HM Treasury.	Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005). Realist review—a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy and programme evaluation. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 10(S1), 21–35.
Majina mbadala	Policy Appraisal, Options Appraisal, Green Book Appraisal	Realist Review, CMO Configuration, Mechanism-Based Synthesis
Zinazohusiana	4	1
Muhtasari	Ex-ante policy appraisal is the structured assessment of the costs, benefits, risks and trade-offs of alternative options for achieving a policy objective, carried out before a decision is taken. Codified in guidance such as the UK Treasury's Green Book, it provides a disciplined framework for deciding whether to intervene and, if so, how — by establishing the rationale and objectives, generating and narrowing a range of options, appraising each against a counterfactual, and recommending the option that offers best value for public money. Appraisal is the forward-looking complement to ex-post evaluation, which judges interventions after they have run.	Realist synthesis is a theory-driven, interpretive method for evidence synthesis developed by Ray Pawson (2005) that focuses on understanding HOW and WHY interventions work, rather than WHETHER they work. Grounded in realist philosophy, realist synthesis examines Context-Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) configurations: how specific contextual conditions activate mechanisms that produce outcomes. Unlike traditional systematic reviews, which typically answer 'Does intervention X reduce outcome Y?', realist synthesis asks 'Under what conditions, through what mechanisms, for which populations does X work?' This approach is particularly valuable for complex interventions (policies, programs, multi-component treatments) where effectiveness varies dramatically across contexts, and for understanding why interventions succeed in some settings but fail in others.