Linganisha mbinu

	Muundo wa Utafiti wa Tukio katika Utafiti wa Elimu	Njia ya Vigezo vya Ala (IV) kwa Utafutaji wa Kifungo
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uchumi wa Afya
Familia	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1993 (general); 2000s–2010s (education applications)	1990s (modern applications)
Mwanzilishi	Jacobson, LaLonde & Sullivan (1993); popularized in education by Lafortune, Rothstein & Schanzenbach (2018) and subsequent education-policy literature	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Aina	Quasi-experimental / causal inference	Method
Chanzo asilia	Jacobson, L. S., LaLonde, R. J., & Sullivan, D. G. (1993). Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers. American Economic Review, 83(4), 685-709.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Majina mbadala	event study, education event study, policy event study, dynamic difference-in-differences	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	An event study design tracks how educational outcomes evolve before and after a clearly defined event — such as a school finance reform, accountability policy, or curriculum change — for affected and unaffected units. By estimating period-by-period treatment effects relative to a baseline period, it delivers both a causal estimate of the policy's impact and a transparent test of the parallel-trends assumption underpinning difference-in-differences.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.