Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kimaadili	Grounded Theory	Uchambuzi wa Hadithi
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
Mwanzilishi	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
Aina	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method	Qualitative interpretive method
Chanzo asilia	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
Majina mbadala	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
Zinazohusiana	5	3	6
Muhtasari	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.