Linganisha mbinu

	Ethnocentrism Scale	Kiwango cha Mwelekeo wa Utangazaji wa Kijamii (SDO)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Siasa	Saikolojia ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2001	1994
Mwanzilishi	James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey	Felicia Pratto, Jim Sidanius, Lisa Stallworth, and Bertram Malle
Aina	Self-report attitude scale	Self-report Likert scale
Chanzo asilia	Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215.	Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social Dominance Orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763.
Majina mbadala	GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale	SDO
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion.	The Social Dominance Orientation Scale (SDO) is a self-report measure developed by Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, and Malle in 1994 to assess individual differences in preference for group-based hierarchy and inequality. The scale measures the extent to which individuals support dominance of some groups over others, reject egalitarianism, and accept hierarchical social organization. It has become central to social dominance theory and is widely used in political psychology and intergroup relations research.