Linganisha mbinu

	Ethnocentrism Scale	Kiwango cha Umbali wa Kijamii
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Siasa	Uuguzi wa Tamaduni Mbalimbali
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2001	1933
Mwanzilishi	James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey	Emory Bogardus
Aina	Self-report attitude scale	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215.	Bogardus, E. S. (1933). A social distance scale. Sociology and Social Research, 17(3), 265–271.
Majina mbadala	GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale	SDS, Bogardus Scale
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion.	The Social Distance Scale (SDS), also known as the Bogardus Scale, is a classic sociological instrument designed to measure the degree of social acceptance, prejudice, or social distance that individuals feel toward members of different ethnic, racial, or social groups. Originally developed by Emory Bogardus in 1933 and updated by researchers including Parrillo and Donoghue, the SDS assesses willingness for increasing levels of contact and intimacy with outgroup members, from casual acquaintance to family relationships. The scale is widely used in sociology, psychology, and health research to evaluate attitudes toward diversity and to track changes in intergroup relations.