Linganisha mbinu

	Kesiwepesi / Kesiwepesi ya Kutokuwa duni (Equivalence / Non-Inferiority Trial)	Muundo wa Majaribio Mfuatano / Mfuatano wa Vikundi
Nyanja	Muundo wa Majaribio	Muundo wa Majaribio
Familia	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1987	1979
Mwanzilishi	Schuirmann, D.J. / EMA regulatory framework	O'Brien & Fleming; Pocock; Lan & DeMets
Aina	Parametric equivalence / non-inferiority test	Adaptive stopping trial design
Chanzo asilia	Schuirmann, D.J. (1987). A Comparison of the Two One-Sided Tests Procedure and the Power Approach. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15(6), 657–680.	O'Brien, P.C. & Fleming, T.R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549–556.
Majina mbadala	non-inferiority trial, bioequivalence study, active-control trial, Denklik ve Üstünlük Olmayan Çalışma (Equivalence / Non-Inferiority)	group sequential design, adaptive stopping design, Ardışık Deneme Tasarımı (Sequential / Group Sequential)
Zinazohusiana	6	3
Muhtasari	An equivalence or non-inferiority trial is a clinical study design that tests whether a new intervention is clinically equivalent to, or no worse than, an established standard by a pre-specified margin. Codified in Schuirmann's 1987 Two One-Sided Tests (TOST) framework and embedded in EMA and FDA regulatory guidance, this design is the regulatory standard for generic drug approval and medical device testing.	Sequential and group sequential trial designs allow a study to be stopped early — or continued — based on interim analyses conducted as data accumulate. The core framework was formalised by O'Brien and Fleming in 1979 and extended by Lan and DeMets's alpha-spending approach, and it controls the overall Type I error rate across all planned looks by pre-specifying both efficacy and futility boundaries before enrolment begins.