Linganisha mbinu

	Emotion Appraisal in Politics	Affective Polarization Measurement
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Siasa	Saikolojia ya Siasa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000	2012
Mwanzilishi	George Marcus, Russell Neuman & Michael MacKuen; Ted Brader	Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood & Yphtach Lelkes
Aina	Survey/lab experiment	Composite survey index
Chanzo asilia	Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226504698	Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405-431.
Majina mbadala	Affective Intelligence Experiment, Political Emotion Appraisal Study, Discrete Emotions Politics Measure	Affective Polarization Index, Partisan Affect Gap, Thermometer Difference Measure
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Emotion appraisal in politics studies how distinct emotions, anxiety, anger, enthusiasm, and others, arise from cognitive appraisals of political events and in turn shape attention, information seeking, persuasion, and participation. It combines appraisal theory with affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen, 2000) and Brader's (2006) work on emotional campaign appeals, typically measured through experiments and surveys that elicit and analyze discrete emotional responses.	Affective polarization measurement quantifies the gap between how positively people feel toward their own political party (the in-party) and how negatively they feel toward the opposing party (the out-party). Iyengar, Sood and Lelkes (2012) showed that this affective divide has grown sharply even where issue positions have not, reframing polarization as a social-identity phenomenon of partisan like and dislike rather than ideological distance.