Linganisha mbinu

	Tomografia ya Upinzani wa Umeme	Mfumo wa SWAT	Equation ya Kawaida ya Upotevu wa Udongo
Nyanja	Jiofizikia	Jiofizikia	Jiofizikia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996	1998	1978
Mwanzilishi	Loke and Barker	Jeff Arnold and others at USDA-ARS	Waldo Wischmeier and Dwight Smith
Aina	Active source resistivity mapping and subsurface imaging	Process-based watershed and water quality simulation	Empirical soil erosion prediction model
Chanzo asilia	Loke, M. H., & Barker, R. D. (1996). Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method. Geophysical Prospecting, 44(1), 131-152.	Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., & Williams, J. R. (1998). Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1), 73-89.	Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. USDA Agricultural Handbook 537.
Majina mbadala	ERT	SWAT	USLE, Revised USLE
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is an active-source geophysical method that maps the spatial distribution of electrical resistivity in the subsurface by injecting current between two electrodes and measuring potential differences across an array of receiver electrodes. Advanced as a practical technique by Loke and Barker in 1996, ERT has become standard for hydrogeological, environmental, and structural characterization due to its sensitivity to fluid saturation and salt content.	The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a process-based watershed model that simulates the hydrological cycle, sediment transport, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, and land management impacts across a watershed or large basin. Developed by Jeff Arnold and colleagues at USDA-ARS in 1998, SWAT has become a standard tool for evaluating non-point source pollution, assessing climate change impacts on water resources, and designing best management practices.	The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an empirical model that estimates annual soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion on hillslopes caused by rainfall and runoff. Developed by Wischmeier and Smith in 1978 from decades of erosion plot experiments, USLE has become a standard tool for erosion risk assessment, conservation planning, and best management practice design. The Revised USLE (RUSLE) updated the original model with improved factor algorithms.