Linganisha mbinu

	Uchapishaji maradufu na mgawanyo wa nyama ya samaki	Mchakato wa Kufuta Makala
Nyanja	Maadili ya Uchapishaji	Maadili ya Uchapishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1997	1948
Mwanzilishi	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative
Aina	Standard	Process
Chanzo asilia	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. Flowcharts and Advice on Publication Ethics. COPE.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.
Majina mbadala	Redundant Publication, Overlapping Publication, Fragmented Research	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Duplicate publication occurs when the same research data are published more than once without acknowledgment or justification, presenting the same or substantially similar results as previously published work. Salami slicing is the related practice of dividing the results of a single study into the smallest possible publishable units and submitting them as separate papers to multiply publication counts. Both practices artificially inflate research output, mislead readers, and violate ethical standards upheld by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and research integrity organizations worldwide.	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.