Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Uhusiano wa Dozi-Majibu	Utafiti wa Cohort
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Conceptual roots 16th century; modern epidemiological application mid-20th century	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
Mwanzilishi	Paracelsus (conceptual foundation); formalized by John Snow and later Bradford Hill	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
Aina	Quantitative analytical method	Observational longitudinal study design
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
Majina mbadala	exposure-response analysis, concentration-response modeling, dose-response modeling, DRA	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
Zinazohusiana	4	6
Muhtasari	Dose-response analysis quantifies the relationship between the magnitude of an exposure (the dose) and the probability or rate of an outcome (the response). It is a core analytical strategy in epidemiology and toxicology, providing evidence that increasing exposure systematically increases — or decreases — the risk of disease. A demonstrated dose-response gradient is one of Bradford Hill's classic criteria supporting causal inference.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.