Linganisha mbinu

	Muundo wa Upandishaji Dozi (Njia ya Kuendelea Kutathmini)	Muundo wa Majaribio Mfuatano / Mfuatano wa Vikundi
Nyanja	Muundo wa Majaribio	Muundo wa Majaribio
Familia	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1990	1979
Mwanzilishi	John O'Quigley, Margaret Pepe & Lloyd Fisher	O'Brien & Fleming; Pocock; Lan & DeMets
Aina	Adaptive Bayesian dose-finding design	Adaptive stopping trial design
Chanzo asilia	O'Quigley, J., Pepe, M., & Fisher, L. (1990). Continual reassessment method: a practical design for phase 1 clinical trials in cancer. Biometrics, 46(1), 33–48.	O'Brien, P.C. & Fleming, T.R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549–556.
Majina mbadala	Continual Reassessment Method, CRM Design, Phase I Dose-Finding Design, Doz Artırma Tasarımı	group sequential design, adaptive stopping design, Ardışık Deneme Tasarımı (Sequential / Group Sequential)
Zinazohusiana	2	3
Muhtasari	Dose-Escalation Design, formalized as the Continual Reassessment Method (CRM), is a Bayesian adaptive algorithm for identifying the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) in Phase I clinical trials. Introduced by John O'Quigley, Margaret Pepe, and Lloyd Fisher in 1990, CRM treats dose-toxicity response as a parametric curve, updates a prior probability model after each patient's outcome, and assigns subsequent patients to the dose currently estimated closest to a pre-specified target toxicity probability.	Sequential and group sequential trial designs allow a study to be stopped early — or continued — based on interim analyses conducted as data accumulate. The core framework was formalised by O'Brien and Fleming in 1979 and extended by Lan and DeMets's alpha-spending approach, and it controls the overall Type I error rate across all planned looks by pre-specifying both efficacy and futility boundaries before enrolment begins.