Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Uzoefu wa Kutenganisha (DES)	Kiwango cha Tathmini ya Mania kwa Vijana (YMRS)
Nyanja	Saikiatria	Saikiatria
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1986	1978
Mwanzilishi	Frank W. Putnam	Robert C. Young
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Clinician-administered rating scale
Chanzo asilia	Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.	Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., & Meyer, D. A. (1978). A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133(5), 429–435.
Majina mbadala	DES, DES-II (revised)	YMRS
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The DES is a 28-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the frequency and severity of dissociative symptoms, including depersonalization (feeling detached from one's body), derealization (feeling the world is unreal), amnesia, absorption (intense focus), and identity confusion. Developed by Bernstein and Putnam in 1986, it is the most widely used dissociation screening instrument in clinical and research settings. The DES helps identify dissociative disorders (dissociative identity disorder, other specified dissociative disorder), trauma-related dissociation, and dissociative symptoms in other psychiatric conditions.	The YMRS is an 11-item clinician-administered rating scale designed to assess the severity of manic and hypomanic symptoms in bipolar disorder. Developed by Young and colleagues in 1978, it is the gold standard outcome measure in bipolar disorder research and the primary efficacy endpoint in mood stabilizer and antipsychotic trials for acute mania. The YMRS captures core mania features (elevated mood, increased goal-directed activity, racing thoughts, reduced need for sleep, increased talkativeness, distractibility, and irritability) and is sensitive to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.