Linganisha mbinu

	Discourse Completion Task	Variationist Sociolinguistics
Nyanja	Isimu	Isimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1989	1972
Mwanzilishi	Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper (CCSARP project)	William Labov
Aina	Written/oral elicitation instrument for speech-act data	Quantitative field study of socially conditioned linguistic variation
Chanzo asilia	Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.) (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex Publishing. ISBN: 9780893915131	Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN: 9780812210521
Majina mbadala	Discourse Completion Test, DCT, Production Questionnaire	Variationist Analysis, Labovian Sociolinguistics, Quantitative Sociolinguistics
Zinazohusiana	3	4
Muhtasari	The discourse completion task (DCT) is an elicitation instrument widely used in pragmatics to gather data on how people perform speech acts such as requests, apologies, refusals, and compliments. Respondents read short descriptions of situations and write (or say) what they would utter in each, allowing researchers to collect comparable speech-act data across many speakers, languages, and cultures under controlled conditions. It was popularized by the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) of Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper in 1989.	Variationist sociolinguistics is the quantitative study of how linguistic variation is structured by social and linguistic factors. Pioneered by William Labov in the 1960s and 1970s, it treats alternative ways of saying the same thing — the 'linguistic variable' — as systematically conditioned by speaker characteristics (class, age, sex, ethnicity), stylistic context, and the surrounding linguistic environment, and it uses statistical modeling of natural speech to reveal the orderly heterogeneity beneath apparent randomness.