Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa DINO	Mfumo wa DINA
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2006	2001
Mwanzilishi	James Templin, Russell Henson	Brian Junker, Klaas Sijtsma
Aina	Disjunctive latent class model	Discrete latent class model
Chanzo asilia	Templin, J., & Henson, R. A. (2006). Measurement of psychological disorders using cognitive diagnosis models. Psychological Methods, 11(3), 287-305.	Junker, B. W., & Sijtsma, K. (2001). Cognitive assessment models with few assumptions, and connections with nonparametric item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 25(3), 258-272.
Majina mbadala	DINO	DINA
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The DINO Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs—Disjunctive) is a cognitive diagnostic model that relaxes DINA's conjunctive (AND) skill requirement logic. DINO assumes an examinee only needs to master one of multiple possible skill pathways to answer an item correctly, making it suitable for scenarios where skills are substitutable or alternative routes to success exist.	The DINA Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs) is a cognitive diagnostic model developed by Junker and Sijtsma (2001) that classifies examinees into latent skill classes based on their item response patterns. DINA assumes a deterministic relationship between skill mastery and correct responses, with probabilistic error accounting for guessing and slips.