Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa DINA	Mfumo wa DINO	Uchambuzi Linganishi wa Kulingana wa Kiasi cha Seti-Futi
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2001	2006	2000
Mwanzilishi	Brian Junker, Klaas Sijtsma	James Templin, Russell Henson	Charles Ragin
Aina	Discrete latent class model	Disjunctive latent class model	Set-theoretic configurational method
Chanzo asilia	Junker, B. W., & Sijtsma, K. (2001). Cognitive assessment models with few assumptions, and connections with nonparametric item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 25(3), 258-272.	Templin, J., & Henson, R. A. (2006). Measurement of psychological disorders using cognitive diagnosis models. Psychological Methods, 11(3), 287-305.	Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. University of Chicago Press.
Majina mbadala	DINA	DINO	fsQCA, FSQCA
Zinazohusiana	4	4	4
Muhtasari	The DINA Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs) is a cognitive diagnostic model developed by Junker and Sijtsma (2001) that classifies examinees into latent skill classes based on their item response patterns. DINA assumes a deterministic relationship between skill mastery and correct responses, with probabilistic error accounting for guessing and slips.	The DINO Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs—Disjunctive) is a cognitive diagnostic model that relaxes DINA's conjunctive (AND) skill requirement logic. DINO assumes an examinee only needs to master one of multiple possible skill pathways to answer an item correctly, making it suitable for scenarios where skills are substitutable or alternative routes to success exist.	Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is a set-theoretic method developed by Charles Ragin in the early 2000s that combines the configurational logic of qualitative case studies with the mathematical rigor of fuzzy sets. It bridges qualitative and quantitative research by allowing researchers to examine causal complexity through combinations of conditions (configurations) rather than isolated variables.