Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Ustawi wa Kidijitali	Kiwango cha Technoference
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2022	2016
Mwanzilishi	Isabel Pinto de Azevedo, Bárbara Marques, and José Mata	Brandon T. McDaniel and Sarah M. Coyne
Aina	Self-report	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Azevedo, I. P., Marques, B., & Mata, J. (2022). Development and psychometric evaluation of a digital wellbeing scale. Telematics and Informatics, 67, 101765.	McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). Technology interference in the context of romantic relationships. In R. E. Ackerman (Ed.), The psychology of social networking (Vol. 1, pp. 86–102). Nova Publishers.
Majina mbadala	DWS, Digital Health	Technoference, Phone Interference
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Digital Wellbeing Scale is a multidimensional self-report instrument that assesses positive and negative aspects of technology use, capturing not just problematic behaviors but also digital resources supporting wellbeing. Developed by Azevedo and colleagues in 2022, this scale recognizes that digital engagement exists on a spectrum from harmful to beneficial, and measures protective factors alongside risk factors.	The Technoference Scale measures the degree to which smartphone and technology use interferes with interpersonal relationships, particularly in romantic partnerships, families, and close relationships. Developed by McDaniel and Coyne in the mid-2010s, this construct captures a modern phenomenon where digital devices create physical or psychological distance during face-to-face interaction, reducing relationship quality and satisfaction.