Linganisha mbinu

	Mahitaji ya Digital Twin	Kichujio cha Kalman
Nyanja	Uigaji	Mbinu za Bayes
Familia	Process / pipeline	Bayesian methods
Mwaka wa asili	2002 (concept); 2014 (white paper formalization)	1960
Mwanzilishi	Michael Grieves (University of Michigan, 2002; white paper 2014)	Rudolf E. Kalman
Aina	Hybrid physics-based + machine-learning simulation	recursive Bayesian filter
Chanzo asilia	Grieves, M. (2014). Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication. White Paper, University of Michigan.	Kalman, R. E. (1960). A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Journal of Basic Engineering, 82(1), 35-45.
Majina mbadala	Dijital İkiz Simülasyonu (Digital Twin), digital twin, digital shadow, cyber-physical twin	linear quadratic estimator, LQE, Kalman-Bucy filter, optimal recursive filter
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Digital Twin Simulation, first conceptualised by Michael Grieves at the University of Michigan around 2002 and formally described in his 2014 white paper, creates a continuously updated virtual copy of a physical system by fusing real-time sensor data with a mechanistic (physics-based) model and machine-learning components. The twin mirrors the physical asset's current state and projects its future behaviour, enabling fault detection, predictive maintenance, and operational optimisation without disrupting the real system.	The Kalman filter is an optimal recursive algorithm for estimating the hidden state of a linear dynamical system from noisy measurements. At each time step it alternates between a prediction step — projecting the state forward using the system model — and an update step that corrects the prediction with the new observation, producing minimum-variance state estimates and their uncertainty in real time.