Linganisha mbinu

	Dialectometric Distance Analysis	Real-Time Study of Language Change
Nyanja	Isimu	Isimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1971	1994
Mwanzilishi	Jean Séguy (with Hans Goebl and John Nerbonne)	William Labov (and the variationist tradition)
Aina	Quantitative method for measuring aggregate linguistic distance between dialect sites	Longitudinal design for observing language change directly
Chanzo asilia	Séguy, J. (1971). La relation entre la distance spatiale et la distance lexicale. Revue de Linguistique Romane, 35, 335–357.	Sankoff, G., & Blondeau, H. (2007). Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French. Language, 83(3), 560–588.
Majina mbadala	Dialectometry, Aggregate Dialect Distance Analysis, Quantitative Dialectology	Real-Time Analysis, Trend and Panel Study, Longitudinal Language Change Study
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Dialectometry is the quantitative measurement of how linguistically different dialect sites are from one another, aggregated across many features at once. Pioneered by Jean Séguy in the early 1970s and developed by Hans Goebl in Salzburg and John Nerbonne in Groningen, it takes the rich response data of traditional dialect atlases and computes, for every pair of survey sites, a single number summarizing their overall linguistic distance. These pairwise distances are then clustered and mapped, turning a sprawling atlas of individual features into an aggregate picture of dialect landscapes, continua, and boundaries that no single feature could reveal.	The real-time study of language change observes change directly by comparing comparable data from the same speech community gathered at two or more actual points in time. Where apparent-time analysis infers change from age differences in a single snapshot, real-time study watches the community across the calendar, either by drawing a fresh sample of the same community years later (a trend study) or by re-recording the very same individuals (a panel study). It is the gold standard for confirming that a change has occurred and for distinguishing community-wide generational change from change within individual speakers over their lifespan.